Smoking Amplifies Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With Hypertension and Diabetes

Smoking is considered an important “risk factor” for arterial hypertension and diabetes management, according to, respectively, the current guidelines of the European Society of Hypertension and the European Society of Cardiology on the management of arterial hypertension (1) and the guidelines on diabetes of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (2). The aim of the current article is to further evaluate the effect of smoking on mortality and causespecific cardiovascular events in hypertension and in diabetes and to assess whether there is a significant interaction between the effects of smoking and diabetes.